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The paper analyses the current position of the welfare state and how it is reflected in the recent literature. It criticizes contributions that try to advocate the welfare state as a hallmark of European civilization, as they lack the proper analytical method to do so. It proposes an original approach that reveals a structural analogy that exists between the welfare state and the modern sovereign state. In a short historical survey, it demonstrates that during the process of its formation, the modern state gained structural elements that on one hand created a foundation for its later transformation into the welfare state, but on the other hand became a source of deep distrust. As this distrust also influenced the development of the post-war welfare system, the entire project eventually became vulnerable to ideological criticism. The paper shows that today's condemnations of the welfare state for its alleged non-affordability are but an echo of an older ideological – populist and liberal – distrust of the state itself. Finally, the paper attempts to argue in favour of both the modern sovereign state and the welfare state by developing an argument for their de facto existence and usefulness and showing the fundamental fallacy of the counter-arguments of its critics.

Cover -- On the Validity of Law with Respect to the Exceptional Case -- I. Norm, normalcy, and the exceptional case -- II. Derogations within the law and the political exceptional case -- III. Stringency of legal rule as a condition for making the exceptional case possible -- IV. Under the condition of what is possible -- V. States of emergency which are regulated by constitutional law -- VI. Legalizing illegal emergency relief to the constitution: the right of resistance -- VII. The inoperability of the emergency articles of the constitution -- 1. Persistently normal state of affairs -- 2. Extra-legal detours and ways out -- VIII. A residual unwritten emergency law of the state? -- IX. The breakdown of all rules: Islamic terror -- The Exceptional Case in Situations of Normalcy -- I. The terrorist challenge -- II. The distinction between normalcy and emergency -- 1. Normal state of affairs -- 2. Case of emergency -- III. Islamic terrorism: the case of emergency within the normal state of affairs -- 1. Terrorism as emergency -- 2. Asymmetries of terrorist war -- 3. The simultaneity of both normal and exceptional state of affairs -- IV. Courses of action in terms of constitutional theory -- Option 1: Exception as the secret of governing -- Option 2: Abandoning regulation by constitutional law -- Option 3: Constitutionalizing the exception by establishing an emergency regime -- Option 4: "Normalizing the exception" -- Option 5: Establishing a gradual scale of terrorist warnings -- The State of Exception and Limits of the Rule of Law -- I. Introduction -- II. Defining a state of exception -- III. The state of exception as an intrinsic part of the constitutional order -- IV. Written state of exception -- V. Extra-constitutional emergency -- 1. Carl Schmitt: the state of exception as a tool to restore normality.

Das Problem des Ausnahmezustandes ist in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten aktuell geworden im Zusammenhang mit Sicherheits-, Finanz- und Gesundheitskrisen. Diese Ereignisse stellen eine Herausforderung für die liberale Demokratie dar, da sie die politischen Vertreter an den Rand der Legalität bringen können und zumindest potenziell Verfahren zu legitimieren scheinen, die ansonsten in einer liberalen Demokratie fragwürdig wären. Einige Autoren haben sogar Bedenken geäußert, dass die Ausnahme allmählich zur neuen Normalität geworden ist und dass wir (fast ohne es zu bemerken) in einer permanenten Ausnahme leben. In Reaktion darauf haben Experten darüber nachgedacht, ob der Ausnahmezustand ein geeignetes Mittel zur Lösung von Krisen ist und ob es andere Modelle gibt, die im Hinblick auf das Interesse an der Wahrung der liberalen Demokratie angemessener sind. Das Ziel des Buches ist es, eine wissenschaftliche Reflexion des Ausnahmezustandes zu liefern und zusammenhängende Begriffe zu diskutieren. Mit Beiträgen von Vojtěch Belling, Otto Depenheuer, Josef Isensee, Jakub Jinek, Eckart Klein, Lukáš Kollert, Jan Kysela